股份公司权力中心的定位/王森勇

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股份公司权力中心的定位

王森勇


内容提要 股份公司权力中心的定位是公司法人治理结构的主要问题与核心问题。法人治理结构的合理与否将直接关系到公司能否健康,有效率地运作,因此公司权力中心的科学定位,是问题的关键所在。本文拟通过介绍外国公司权力中心定位的历史沿革,剖析我国现行立法对权力中心的定位及实际的实施情况,提出现阶段我国的公司立法应以董事会为公司权力中心,以此构造公司治理结构,推进国有企业的公司制改革,促进公司更规范更健康更有效地运营。
关键词 股东会中心主义 董事会中心主义 经理中心主义 内部人控制
一、外国股份公司权力中心的历史沿革
外国公司权力中心定位经历了股东会中心主义,董事会中心主义和经理中心中义的历史膻变。股东会中心主义是指董事会不拥有独立于股东大会的法定权力,其执行公司业务决策须完全依照章程授权和股东大会决议。1 股东会中心主义是以“资本中心主义”为理论基础并以公司“幼年时期”规模小、股东人数少为实践基础的。2 随着科技和生产力水平不断提高,公司规模朝着巨型化发展,股权高度分散,公司管理业务也起越来越专业化,每个股东都参与决策既不必须也做不到,而董事会恰恰克服了这种弊端,对复杂多变的市场情况作出及时而灵活的反应。而在理论上,“委任理论”日渐衰落,让位于“有机体理论”。该理论将公司看成一个有机整体,主张公司组织机构的权力是国家法律直接授予并非来自股东大会委托。3 这样董事会就从对股东大会的依附中解脱出来。但自从董事会中心主义确立以后,其规模越来越庞大,由于又是会议体制,效率难免受到影响,基于此因,在董事会下逐渐产生了一个人数更大更精炼的权力中心——经理。公司的经营权控制在经理手里,是为经理中心主义。4
二、我国股份公司权力中心定位的现状
(一)公司权力中心定位的立法现状
我国1993年12月29日颁布的公司法之103条规定了股东大会的职权,包括了决定公司的经营方针和投资计划,审议批准董事会的报告,对公司增加或减少注册资本作出决议和对公司合并、分立、解散和清算等事项作出决议等十一项内容。显而易见,我国公司法配置给股东大会的权力不仅很大,而且包括了本应由董事会行使的职权。若将该规定与《公司法》第112条关于董事会职权的规定相比较,不难发现,董事会的权力很大程度上受制于股东大会中心主义的立法。尽管我国公司法所体现的是类似“委任理论”,但在立法背景上,我国与早期的西方有着相似之处:(1)以美国为例,以家庭色彩为特征的古典企业在19世纪40年代以前的美国占据了主导地位,即使公司,也带有古典企业的显著特征。5 而我国公司的建立,很大一部分是由原来的国有企业改制而成的。国有企业以国家为所有者,学者认为国有企业亦是古典企业的一种表现形式。6 (2)两者确立股东大会中心主义,均处于其公司立法的早期。该阶段,公司立法的主要目的就是要保护作为出资者的股东的利益。因此采取股东大会中心主义乃在情理之中。
当然,我国将股东大会作为公司权力的中心,主要原因还在于我国特定的国情:股份公司中相当一部分是由国有企业转化而来的,此外国有资产一直是各类公司资产的主要组成部分,国家是公司的大股东。在“公共财产神圣不可侵犯”的意思指导下,保护国有资产不流失,维护国家的利益,成为立法的重点。体现在公司法上,就意味着保护股东利益。而人们普遍认为股东大会中心主义,有利于股东利益的保护。
(二)公司权力中心定位的现实情况及原因
尽管我国公司法赋予了股东大会很大权限,以其作为公司的权力中心,但实际情况却是对这种立法设计的极大偏离。与外国在股东大会形式化后走董事会中心主义不同,我国目前公司的权力主要掌握在经理手中:股东大会流于形式,董事会趋于形骸化,经理的权力膨胀。造成这种以经理为公司权力中心现状的主要原因有:
1、立法方面的原因
(1)股东大会权限大,董事会权限小,当股东大会流于形式时,使得经理们有机可乘。
(2)董事会与经理之间关系定位欠妥当。西方国家规定的公司经理是基于委任关系而产生的公司代理人,其权力来自公司章程和董事会的授权;而我国公司法将经理职位设置和职权范围法定化,其地位几乎相当于外国公司的董事。还有西方国家规定的公司经理只是隶属于董事会的高级职员,而我国将董事会的经营管理权一分为二,决策权划归董事会,执行权划归经理。其结果使经理由公司代理人变成公司本身常设的专门执行机关。
2、实践中的原因
(1)股东大会形式化不可避免。在“搭便车”心理作用下,小股东不愿参加股东大会。此外,由于我国股份公司大部分改自于原有的国有大中型企业,这些企业的改制,往往由原企业的经理人员主持,这样,这种做法至少在改革之初就存在所有权主体缺位。此种条件下建立起来的公司法人治理结构,几乎没有所有者的地位,更谈不上所有者对经营权的监督。7
(2)董事会质量普遍不高。我国董事会的形骸化,可以说是“先天不足,后天缺陷”的结果。它在实际中存在的问题主要有:第一、国有企业改为公司,其董事会成员的选任不合理。如前述,国有企业的改制一般由原有的经理人员主持,则董事会成员多由高层执行人员或他们推荐的人担任。这些人中懂经营的人不多,形成“董事不懂事”的局面。第二、董事会成员的构成不合理。国有公司的管理人员的设置仍然仿效了行政制度的级别制度,人浮于事;8 本公司的董事,多数还在其他单位、部门担任一定的职务,真正在本公司任职的少之又少。兼职董事们没有足够的时间和精力履行其职责。第三、有相当一部分改组企业,是由国家主管机关直接任命公司经理班了的,董事会不过是一个象征性的机构,董事会不愿也无法对经理进行有效监督。第四、现行法律缺乏对董事履行职责的激励机制和监督机制,董事内部的监督不足。
(3)经理权力膨胀。公司制改革之前,国有企业实行厂长负责制,集企业的经营决策权,业务执行权,生产指挥权和对外代表权于一身。9 公司制改革之后,意图用股东大会,董事会来分散,削弱经理的权力。然而实践中,由于传统观念的影响和人事制度改革滞后等原因,公司经理多由原有的厂长担任或由国家主管机关直接任命,没有严格遵守“由董事会聘任经理”的规定。公司经理仍然把持着公司实权,经理不再对董事会负责,而直接对政府大股东负责,以致董事会常常被架空,无法对经理实施领导监督。
(4)董事长兼任总经理。现实生活中,许多公司的总经理都是由董事长兼任,这种做法,一是忽视了两者任职程序与地位的重大不同;二是混淆了两者的职权,破坏了立法者所设计的权力监督体系。身兼二职无法进行身我监督,使二者之间串通的机会成本降低到零,容易形成“内部人控制”。
三、我国应以董事会作为公司权力中心,以此来构建公司科学、合理的治理结构。
(一)立法应放弃股东大会中心主义
股东大会中心主义是在我国经济转轨时期,在公司制改革初期确立的并与当时的经济社会背景相适应。但时过境迁,它已不再适应社会发展的需要,实践中不采纳此做法。立法应反映这种变化,放弃股东会中心主义。否则,既不能切实保护广大股东的利益,也不能形成对实际控制公司的董事、经理等人员的有效监督和制约。
(二)纠正实际中的经理中心主义,代之以董事会中心主义
从前面的分析可知,我国企业已存在的“经理中心主义”与外国公司发展中的经理中心主义是有着本质区别的。首先产生不同。外国经理产生是为了弥补因业务千变万化而董事会会议制工作模式难以适应需要的缺陷,公司业务毫无例外地都委任给个人展开,在这种情况下,经理力量不断发展壮大。相比之下,我国经理产生有着深刻的时代烙印。经理多由原来实行厂长(经理)负责制的国有企业厂长(经理)直接转变而来或由主管机直接任命产生。10 其次对经理的定位不同。外国将经理视为公司的代理人,而我国虽然理论上也持此观点,但立法中所体现的却是经理为公司必设机关,其职权法定。11
所以我国目前存在的“经理中心主义”与外国的经理中心主义可以说是“貌合神离”。实际上,经理成为公司权力中心,正是传统的企业领导体制的残余在现实生活中的表现。要克服这种残余,建立现代企业制度,与国际通行的公司接轨,就要转变观念,顺应世界上公司立法的大潮流,以董事会作为公司权力中心。同时这也是现阶段我国国情及公司发展需要。其优点如下:
(1)我国专制传统较为浓厚,若以个人作为权力中心,容易形成专制,使公司为个人谋取私利的工具。而若以董事会权力中心,则可以避免这种现象。
(2)在决策方面,个人决策不符合科学决策的一般原理。因为个人的知识能力有限,不可能全面掌握和运用各种知识,也不可能把握商品经济条件下各种纷繁复杂的关系。这种决策难免武断。董事会作为会议体,恰好克服了这一局限,充分发挥集体智慧,形成科学民主决策,防止重大失误,避免公司遭受重大损失。
(3)以董事会为公司权力中心,提高董事会地位,明确经理作为公司代理人的身份。这有利于公司权力结构框架和公司制观念深入人心,消除传统的企业领导体制的影响,排除思想障碍,从而进一步推动国有企业公司制的改革和规范的公司制度在全社会的建立。
(三) 董事会中心主义相适应的有关立法措施
1、弱化股东大会职权,强化董事会职权。这是董事会中心主义的核心问题。实际上就是把原属于股东大会的部分职权转移到董事会,直接赋予董事会广泛的公司经营管理决策权,保留股东大会对公司重大问题的决策权利。
2、重新界定经理的地位。在立法中应取消原有的经理职权法定的条款,代之以“经理的职权由公司章程规定或由董事会授予”,使经理名副其实地成为董事会控制的下位机关。另一方面,可以引进股票期权和MBO(管理层收购),使经理由单纯的经营者变成经营者与所有者的统一体,降低代理成本。12
3、设立董事会秘书制度。该制度在我国最早见于1993年的深圳,1996年上海也建立了该制度。设立董事会秘书,专门负责董事会的日常事务。董事会秘书由董事会聘任,对董事会负责。它的设立有利于董事会的日常运作,同时又可以提高董事会的效率与功能。
4、增加外部董事,强化对经营董事和经理的监督。外部董事制度能较好地解决“内部人控制”问题,13 对会计监督、合法性监督等外部监督起到配合作用。外部董事由既非股东又非职工代表,与公司无利害关系但又有相当的专业知识的公司外部人士担任,专门行使对经营董事、经理的监督职能,这对于加强董事会职权,限制经理专权,有重大的意义和可行性。
1、张开平:《英美公司董事法律制度研究》,法律出版社1998年版,第36页
2、雷兴虎:《股份有限公司法律问题研究》,中国检察出版社1998年版,第208页
3、雷兴虎:《现代西方国家公司法的发展趋势与中国公司的选择》,载于《法学评论》,1998年第4期。
4、唐德华主编:《股份有限公司设立与内部动作法律实务》(上册),人民法院出版社1998年版,第353页
5、梅慎实:《现代公司机关权力构造论》中国政法大学出版社1996年版,第18、23页
6、李爱荣:《公司治理结构的法理学分析》,载于《法学》,1998年第8期。
7、吴敬琏:《建立有效的公司治理结构》,《天津社会科学》,载于1996年第1期
8、吴越:《论中国公司法之构造缺陷及克服》,载于《现代法学》2003年第2期
9、王保树:《股份公司组织机构的法的实态考察与立法课题》,载于《法学研究》1998年第2期
10、王保树:《股份有限公司经营层的职能结构》,载于《法学研究》,1999年第5期
11、刘俊海:《中国加入世贸组织后公司法的修改前瞻》,载于《中国法学》2002年第6期
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中华人民共和国海关法行政处罚实施细则(附英文)

海关总署


中华人民共和国海关法行政处罚实施细则(附英文)
海关总署


(1987年6月30日国务院批准)

第一章 总 则
第一条 为了实施《中华人民共和国海关法》(以下简称《海关法》)关于法律责任的规定,根据《海关法》第六十条制定本实施细则。
第二条 不构成走私罪的走私行为,构成走私罪但依法免予起诉或者免除刑罚的行为,以及违反海关监管规定的行为的处理,适用本实施细则。

第二章 走私行为及处罚
第三条 有下列行为之一的,是走私行为:
(一)未经国务院或者国务院授权的机关批准,从未设立海关的地点运输、携带国家禁止进出境的物品、国家限制进出口或者依法应当缴纳关税的货物、物品进出境的;
(二)经过设立海关的地点,以藏匿、伪装、瞒报、伪报或者其他手法逃避海关监管,运输、携带、邮寄国家禁止进出境的物品、国家限制进出口或者依法应当缴纳关税的货物、物品进出境的;
(三)未经海关许可并补缴关税,擅自出售特准进口的保税货物、其他海关监管货物或者进境的境外运输工具的;
(四)未经海关许可并补缴关税,擅自出售特定减税或者免税进口用于特定企业、特定用途的货物,或者将特定减免税进口用于特定地区的货物擅自运往境内其他地区的。
第四条 有下列行为之一的,按走私行为论处:
(一)直接向走私人非法收购走私进口的货物、物品的;
(二)在内海、领海运输、收购、贩卖国家禁止进出境的物品的,或者运输、收购、贩卖国家限制进出口的货物、物品,没有合法证明的。
第五条 有本实施细则第三条、第四条所列行为之一的,按照下列规定处罚:
(一)走私国家禁止进出境的物品的,没收走私物品和违法所得,可以并处人民币五万元以下的罚款;
(二)走私国家限制进出口或者依法应当缴纳关税的货物、物品的,没收走私货物、物品和违法所得,可以并处走私货物、物品等值以下或者应缴税款三倍以下的罚款;
(三)专门用于掩护走私的货物、物品,应当没收;藏匿走私货物、物品的特制设备,应当没收或者责令拆毁。
走私货物、物品无法没收时,应当追缴走私货物、物品的等值价款。
第六条 对两人或者两人以上共同所为的走私行为,应当区别情节及责任,分别给予处罚。
知情不报并为走私人提供方便的,没收违法所得,可以并处违法所得两倍以下的罚款;没有违法所得的,处人民币五千元以下的罚款。
第七条 为走私准备工具、制造条件的,比照本实施细则第五条的规定从轻处罚。
第八条 有下列情形之一的,可以从轻或者免予处罚:
(一)走私情节轻微的;
(二)当事人主动交待、检举立功的;
(三)走私行为在三年以后发现的。
前款第(三)项规定的期限,从走私行为发生之日起计算;走私行为是连续状态的,从最后一次走私行为发生之日起计算。

第三章 违反海关监管规定的行为及处罚
第九条 违反海关法规但不构成走私行为的,是违反海关监管规定的行为。
第十条 违反国家进出口管理法规,没有领取许可证件擅自进出口货物的,没收货物或者责令退运;经发证机关核准补发许可证件的,处货物等值以下的罚款。
第十一条 有下列行为之一的,处货物、物品等值以下或者应缴税款两倍以下的罚款:
(一)逃避海关监管,运输、携带、邮寄货物、物品进出境,但有关货物、物品不属于国家禁止进出境的物品、国家限制进出口或者依法应当缴纳关税的货物、物品的;
(二)未经海关许可,擅自开拆、提取、交付、发运、调换、改装、抵押、转让海关监管货物或者海关尚未放行的进出境物品的;
(三)经营保税货物的运输、储存、加工、装配、寄售业务,有关记录不真实或者数量短少不能提供正当理由的;
(四)未经海关许可,将特定减税或者免税进口的货物、物品移作他用的;
(五)进出境货物申报不实的;
(六)不按照规定期限将暂时进出口货物复运出境或者复运进境,擅自留在境内或者境外的;
(七)不按照规定期限将过境、转运、通运货物运输出境,擅自留在境内的;
(八)未经海关批准并补缴关税,擅自转让进出境运输工具的自用物料、物品的。
第十二条 有下列行为之一的,处人民币五万元以下的罚款:
(一)未经国务院或者国务院授权的机关批准,运输工具不经设立海关的地点进出境的;
(二)在海关监管区停留的进出境运输工具,未经海关同意擅自驶离的;
(三)进出境运输工具从一个设立海关的地点驶往另一个设立海关的地点,尚未办结海关手续又未经海关批准,中途改驶境外或者境内未设立海关的地点的。
第十三条 有下列行为之一的,处人民币三万元以下的罚款:
(一)进出境运输工具到达或者驶离设立海关的地点,未按照规定向海关交验有关单证或者交验的单证不真实的;
(二)不按照规定接受海关对进出境运输工具、货物、物品进行检查、查验的;
(三)进出境运输工具未经海关同意,擅自装卸进出境货物、物品或者上下进出境旅客的;
(四)进出境运输工具未经海关同意,擅自兼营境内客货运输或者用于进出境运输以外的其他用途的;
(五)进出境运输工具未按照规定办理海关手续,擅自改营境内运输的;
(六)经营保税货物的储存、加工、装配、寄售业务,不按照规定办理收存、交付、核销手续,或者中止、延长、转让有关合同不按照规定向海关办理手续的;
(七)在海关监管区以外存放海关监管货物,未经海关同意或者不接受海关监管的;
(八)擅自开启或者损毁海关加施于运输工具、仓库场所或者货物的封志的。
第十四条 有下列行为之一的,处人民币两万元以下的罚款:
(一)进境运输工具在进境以后向海关申报以前,出境运输工具在办结海关手续以后出境以前,不按照交通主管机关或者海关指定的路线行进的;
(二)载运海关监管货物的进出境船舶、汽车不按照海关指定的路线行进的;
(三)进出境船舶和航空器,由于不可抗力被迫在未设立海关的地点停泊、降落,以及抛掷或者起卸货物、物品,不向附近海关报告而无正当理由的。
第十五条 有下列行为之一的,责令补税或者将有关物品退运,可以并处物品等值以下的罚款:
(一)个人携带、邮寄超过海关规定数量但数额较小仍属自用的物品进出境,未向海关申报的;
(二)个人携带、邮寄物品进出境,向海关申报不实,或者不接受海关查验的;
(三)经海关登记准予暂时免税进境或者出境的物品,未按规定复带出境或者复带进境的;
(四)未经海关批准,过境人员将其所带物品留在境内的。
第十六条 有下列行为之一的,处人民币一千元以下的罚款:
(一)无特殊原因,未将进出境船舶、火车、航空器到达的时间、停留的地点或者更换的时间、地点事先通知海关的;
(二)擅自开启、损毁海关加施于物品的封志的;
(三)违反海关法规,致使海关不能或者中断对进出境运输工具、货物、物品实施监管的。
第十七条 携带、邮寄国家禁止进出境的物品进出境,在海关检查以前主动报明的,分别按规定予以没收或者责令退回,并可酌情处以罚款。
第十八条 违反海关监管规定情节轻微,或者当事人主动交待的,可以从轻或者免予处罚。
违反海关监管规定的行为在三年以后发现的,免予处罚。

第四章 走私行为及违反海关监管规定行为的处理
第十九条 走私行为、违反海关监管规定行为的处理,由海关关长决定。
第二十条 海关扣留货物、物品或者运输工具,应当发给扣留凭单。
扣留凭单的格式,由海关总署统一制定。
第二十一条 对于无法或者不便扣留的货物、物品或者运输工具,海关可以向当事人或者运输工具负责人收取等值的保证金或者抵押物。
第二十二条 依法扣留的货物、物品和运输工具,在人民法院判决或者海关处罚决定生效之前,不得处理。但是对于鲜活、易腐或者易失效的货物、物品,可以先行变卖,价款由海关保存,并通知其所有人。
第二十三条 经海关查明,确属来源于走私行为非法取得的存款、汇款,海关可以书面通知银行或者邮局暂停支付,同时通知存款人或者汇款人。暂停支付的期限不得超过三个月。海关作出的处罚决定生效后,有关款项由海关依照《海关法》和本实施细则的规定处理。
第二十四条 企业事业单位、国家机关、社会团体违反海关法规,除处罚该单位外,海关还可以对其主管人员和直接责任人员分别处以人民币一千元以下的罚款。
第二十五条 企业事业单位、国家机关、社会团体违反《海关法》,海关可以视情节暂时停止给予特定减免税优惠,暂时取消其报关资格,或者吊销有关当事人的报关员证书。
第二十六条 对于走私行为、违反海关监管规定行为的处罚,海关应当向当事人送达处罚通知书。
当事人对海关的处罚决定不服的,可以自处罚通知书送达之日起三十日内,向作出处罚决定的海关或者上一级海关书面申请复议;有关海关应当在收到复议申请书后的九十日内作出复议决定,并制发复议决定书送达当事人。当事人对复议决定仍然不服的,可以自复议决定书送达之日起
三十日内,向人民法院起诉。
当事人也可以自处罚通知书送达之日起三十日内,直接向人民法院起诉。当事人选择直接向人民法院起诉的,不得向海关申请复议。
海关处罚通知书和复议决定书的格式,由海关总署统一制定。
第二十七条 海关送达处罚通知书和复议决定书,可以直接送交当事人签收;也可以邮寄送达,以挂号回执上注明的收件日期为送达日期。无法送达的应当公告;公告即视为送达。
第二十八条 当事人在规定期限内未提出复议申请或者起诉的,处罚即为生效。
罚款、违法所得和依法追缴的走私货物、物品或者运输工具的等值价款,应当在海关处罚决定指定的期限内缴清。
第二十九条 受海关处罚的当事人在境内没有永久住所的,应当在离境前缴清罚款、违法所得和依法追缴的货物、物品或者运输工具的等值价款。当事人对海关的处罚决定不服或者在离境前不能缴清上述款项的,应当交付相当于上述款项的保证金、抵押物,或者提供海关认可的其他保
证。
当事人如期履行海关的处罚决定后,海关应当及时发还其交付的保证金、抵押物,其他保证立即终止。
第三十条 当事人逾期不履行海关的处罚决定又不申请复议或者起诉的,作出处罚决定的海关可以将其保证金没收,或者将其被扣留、抵押的货物、物品、运输工具变价抵缴,也可以申请人民法院强制执行。
第三十一条 依照本实施细则处以罚款但不没收进出境货物、物品、运输工具的,不免除当事人依法缴纳关税、办理有关海关手续的义务。

第五章 附 则
第三十二条 海关工作人员滥用职权、故意刁难、拖延监管、查验的,依照国务院关于国家机关工作人员奖惩规定给予行政处分;徇私舞弊、玩忽职守或者放纵走私的,根据情节轻重,依照国务院关于国家机关工作人员奖惩规定给予行政处分或者依照法律规定追究刑事责任。
第三十三条 本实施细则下列用语的含义是:
“物品”,包括货币、金银、有价证券等在内。
“等值”,均以当时当地国营市场零售价格为准;上述价格不能确定时,由海关估定。

“以下”、“以内”,均包括本数在内。
第三十四条 国家限制进出口货物的品名,由国务院主管部门公布。
国家禁止进出境物品的品名由海关总署根据《海关法》和其他有关法律、法规,会同国务院有关主管部门确定,由海关总署公布。
国家限制进出境物品的品名,由海关总署公布。
第三十五条 本实施细则由海关总署负责解释。
第三十六条 本实施细则自1987年7月1日起施行。


  The Rules of Administrative Penalties for the Implementation ofthe Customs Law of the Peoples Republic of China(Promulgated by the Customs General Administration on July 1,1987)Whole Doc.

  Chapter I General Provisions

  Article 1

  Pursuant to Article 60 of the Customs Law the Rules are formulated with a view to implementing the provisions on legal liabilities of the Custom Law of the Peoples Republic of China(hereinafter referred to as the Customs Law).

  Article 2

  The Rules shall be applicable to the smuggling act which does not constitute smuggling crime, to the act of smuggling crime exempted from prosecution and criminal penalties and to handling of acts in violation of the Customs supervision and control.

  Chapter II Act of Smuggling and Punishment

  Article 3

  Any of the following acts constitutes an act of smuggling:

  (1) To transport, carry articles prohibited by the State into or out of the Chinese territory at places without Customs, goods and articles restricted by the State in import and export and goods and articles subject to the Customs duty in accordance with the law without the prior approval by the State Council or the Authority empowered by the State Council.

  (2) To transport, carry or mail at places with Customs imports and exports prohibited, imports and exports restricted and dutiable goods and articles specified by the State into and out of the territory for the purpose of escaping from the Customs supervision and control by means of concealing, falsifying, deceiving, forging or other means.

  (3) To sell bonded goods imported under special permission and other goods under the Customs supervision and control or foreign means of transport already within the territory without permission by the Customs and payment of the Customs duty.

  (4) To sell duty-reduced or duty-exempted goods imported under special permission for specific enterprise and specific use, or to transfer the duty-reduced or duty-exempted goods imported under special permission for a specific area to other areas within the territory without permission by the Customs and payment of the Custom duty.

  Article 4

  Any of the following acts shall be delt with as smuggling:

  (1) To illegally purchase the imported smuggled goods and articles directly from the smuggler.

  (2) To transport, purchase and sell articles prohibited by the State into or out of the territory, or transport, purchase or sell goods and articles restricted by the State in import and export without lawful certificates at Chinas inland territorial waters and territorial waters.

  Article 5

  Punishment shall be made in accordance with the following provisions in the case of any of the acts listed in Article 3 and Article 4 of the Rules:

  (1) Articles which are prohibited into and out of the territory by the State shall be confiscated as well as the illegal incomes and a penalty of less than RMB 50,000 may be imposed in addition in the case of smuggling of such articles.

  (2) The smuggled goods and articles restricted by the State in import and export or goods and articles subjected to the Customs duty under the law and illegal incomes shall be confiscated and a penalty of less than the value of the smuggled goods and articles or less than three times of the Customs duty payable may be in addition imposed.

  (3) Goods and articles used for the purpose to cover up smuggled goods and articles shall be confiscated, and specially designed instruments for concealing smuggled goods and articles shall be confiscated or dismantled by order.

  In case the smuggled goods and articles are beyond the possibility of confiscation, a sum of money equal to the value of smuggled goods and articles shall be collected.

  Article 6

  Smuggling acts committed jointly by two or more persons shall be subject to the approach that the two persons are punished separately according to the seriousness and responsibility of each case.

  Those who conceal what they know of the case and facilitate smugglers shall be punished by confiscating illegal incomes. In the absence of illegal incomes, a penalty of less than RMB 5,000 shall be imposed.

  Article 7

  Those preparing tools and creating conditions for smuggling shall be in lenient manner subject to punishment provided in Article 5 of the Rules.

  Article 8

  Any of the following acts shall be put to punishment in lenient manner or exemption from punishment:

  (1) Slight smuggling;

  (2) The party concerned has confessed its illegal act on his own initiative and informed against offenders and make contributions;

  (3) The smuggling act is discovered three years later;

  The duration provided in above(3) shall be calculated as from the day when the smuggling act is committed. In case the act is successive, the duration shall be calculated as from the day when the last smuggling act is committed.

  Chapter III Punishment and Acts in Violation of the Provisions Regarding the Customs Supervision and Control

  Article 9

  Acts in violation of the Customs law and regulations which do not constitute smuggling are acts in violation of the Provisions regarding the Customs supervision and control.

  Article 10

  Goods imported or exported without any licence and in violation of laws and regulations in relation to the import and export administration shall be confiscated or transported back by order. In the event that the license is issued afterwards which the examination by the license administration authorities, a penalty of less than the value of the goods shall be imposed.

  Article 11

  Any of the following acts shall be imposed a penalty of less than the value of the goods and articles or less than two times of the Customs duty payable:

  (1) To evade the Customs supervision and control and to transport, carry or mail into or out of the territory the goods and articles which do not belong to articles prohibited into or out of the territory or goods and articles restricted in import and export or those goods and articles subject to the Customs duty under the Customs Law.

  (2) To open, pick up, deliver, forward, replace, repackage, mortgage or transfer the goods under the Customs supervision and control or the articles which have not been released into and out of the territory by the Customs without the prior approval by the Customs.

  (3) In handling the transport, storage, processing, assembling and consigning of the bonded goods, failing to provide authentic records or appropriate reasons for the short in quantity.

  (4) To shift the specific imported goods with duty reduction or exemption for other uses without the prior approval by the Customs.

  (5) To intentionally misdeclare the goods when entering or leaving the territory.

  (6) To fail to re-import or re-export the goods which are temporarily exported or imported within the stipulated period of time and instead to acquire the goods inside or outside the territory without permission.

  (7) To fail to transport the transit goods, transshipment goods or through goods out of the territory within the stipulated period of time and instead to acquire the goods presumptuously inside the territory without permission.

  (8) To transfer presumptuously the self-use materials and articles for inward and outward means of transport without the prior approval by the Customs and payment of the Customs duty.

  Article 12

  Any of the following acts shall be imposed a penalty of less than RMB 50,000:

  (1) The means of transport fail to enter or leave the territory at places with the Customs and without the prior approval by the State Council or approval by the Authorities empowered by the State Council.

  (2) The inward and outward means of transport in the "Customs Surveillance Zone" leaves without the prior permission by the Customs.

  (3) The inward and outward means of transport which goes from one place with Customs to another place with Customs divert halfway to places inside or outside the territory without Customs before the completion of Customs procedures and without the prior approval by the Customs.

  Article 13

  Any of the following acts imposed a penalty of less than RMB 30,000:

  (1) Failure to provide the relevant documents to the Customs for examination in accordance with provisions or the documents provided for examination are not authentic when the inward and outward means of transport arrive at or leave the place with the Customs;

  (2) To refuse to accept the inspection and examination by the Customs in accordance with the provisions over the inward and outward means of transport and the goods and articles;

  (3) The inward and outward means of transport load or unload presumptuously the imported and exported goods and articles or passengers entering or leaving the territory without the prior permission by the Customs;

  (4) The inward and outward means of transport conduct presumptuously domestic goods or passenger transportation business or are used for the purpose other than the transportation entering or leaving the territory without the prior permission by the Customs;

  (5) The inward and outward means of transport divert to conduct presumptuously transportation business in the territory without going through Customs procedures in accordance with the provisions;

  (6) In handling the storage, assembling, processing, consigning of the bonded goods, failure to go through receiving, delivery, or canceling procedures in accordance with the provisions, or failure to go through Customs procedures in accordance with the provisions upon suspension, extension, and assignment of relevant contracts;

  (7) To deposit the goods subject to the Customs supervision and control outside the "Customs Surveillance Zone" without the prior permission by the Customs or reject the Customs supervision and control;

  (8) To open presumptuously or damage the Customs seals attached by the customs on the means of transport, warehouses and goods.

  Article 14

  Any of the following acts shall be imposed a penalty of less than RMB 20,000:

  (1) Failure to go along the route designated by the competent transportation administration authorities or the Customs during the time after the inward means of transport have entered the territory but before declaring to the Customs or during the time after the outward means of transport have completed Customs procedures but before leaving the territory.

  (2) The inward and outward vessels, vehicles carry the goods subject to the Customs supervision and control do not go along the route designated by the Customs.

  (3) Failure to report to the Customs without appropriated reasons when the inward and outward vessels and aircraft have to berth, land and throw or unload the goods and articles at the places without Customs due to force majeure.

  Article 15

  Any of the following acts shall be ordered to pay the Customs duty or re-transport the relevant articles and may be imposed in addition a penalty of less than the value of the articles:

  (1) Non-declaration of the self-use articles exceeding the limit stipulated by the Customs in small amount carried or posted personally into or out of the territory;

  (2) False declaration or rejection of the Customs examination over the articles personally carried or posted into or out of the territory.

  (3) Failure to re-carry the articles registered and admitted into or out of the territory by the Customs and temporarily exempted from the Customs duty out of or into the territory;

  (4) Maintaining inside the territory the articles carried into the territory by transit passengers without the prior approval by the Customs;

  Article 16

  Any of the following acts shall be imposed a penalty of less than RMB 1,000:

  (1) To fail to notify the Customs in advance of the time of arrival, the place to stop or the transit and the place thereof of the inward and outward vessels, trains and aircraft without special reasons;

  (2) To open or damage the Customs seals attached by the Customs on the articles without permission;

  (3) To violate the Customs laws and regulations which makes it impossible or suspended that the Customs supervise and control over the inward and outward means of transport, goods and articles.

  Article 17

  Personally carried or posted articles prohibited into or out of the territory by the State, but declared to the Customs before the Customs inspection shall be confiscated or delivered back by order in accordance with the provisions and a penalty may be imposed according to the seriousness of each case.

  Article 18

  Punishment in lenient manner or exemption from punishment shall be accorded in the case of slight violation of the provisions regarding the Customs supervision and control or of voluntary confession.

  Exemption from punishment shall be accorded when act in violation of the provisions regarding the Customs supervision and control is discovered three years later.

  Chapter IV Disposal of Smuggling Act and Act in Violation of the Provisions Regarding the Customs Supervision and Control

  Article 19

  The disposal of the smuggling act and act in violation of the provisions regarding the Customs supervision and control shall be decided by the director of the Customs House.

  Article 20

  Certificates of detainment shall be issued by the Customs for the detainment of goods and articles or means of transport.

  The standard form of the certificates of detainment shall be compiled by the Customs General Administration.

  Article 21

  Customs may collect bond or mortgage equal to the value of the goods and articles or means of transport which are impossible or inconvenient to be detained from the party or the person in charge of the means of transport.

  Article 22

  The goods and articles or means of transport under detainment in accordance with the provisions shall be disposed before the court award is made or the punishment decision by the Customs enters into force. But the goods and articles which are fresh, living, perishable or liable to loosing effect may be sold before the court award or the punishment decision is made. The proceeds shall be deposited in the Customs and the owner shall be notified.

  Article 23

  In the case of deposit or remittance illegally obtained from smuggling acts as confirmed by the Customs through investigation, the Customs may notify, in writings, the bank or the post office to suspend the payment and notify at the same time the depositor or the remitter. The period of such suspension of payment shall not exceed 3 months. After the penalty imposed by the Customs enters into force, the sum of money concerned shall be disposed by the Customs in accordance with the Customs Law and the Rules.

  Article 24

  In the case of violation of the Customs Law by enterprises, institutions, governmental departments or social organizations, Customs may impose a penalty of less than RMB 1,000 on the persons in charge or directly liable in addition to the punishment on the entities.

  Article 25

  In the case of violation of the Customs Law by enterprises, institutions governmental departments or social organizations, Customs may, in the light of the seriousness of the case, suspend the preferential treatments of tax reduction and exemption and nullify temporarily the capacity of declaration to the Customs or revoke the certificate of declaration held by the person concerned.

  Article 26

  Punishment notification shall be delivered to the party in respect of the punishment for violation of the provisions regarding the Customs supervision and control and for the act of smuggling.

  The party disobedient to the punishment decision made by the Customs may apply in writing for reconsideration to the Customs House which made the punishment decision or to the higher level of the Customs House within 30 days after the receipt of the punishment notification. The Customs House in charge shall make a reconsideration decision within 90 days after the receipt of application and make available the reconsideration decision to the party.

  The party disobedient to the reconsideration decision may sue to the court within 30 days after the receipt of letters of such decision.

  The party may also directly sue to the peoples court within 30 days after the receipt of the punishment notification. In the case of direct lawsuit to the peoples court, the party shall not apply to the Customs for the reconsideration.

  The standard form of punishment notification and the reconsideration decision letters shall be compiled by the Customs General Administration.

  Article 27

  The Customs may deliver the punishment notification or letters of the reconsideration decision directly to and for receipt signed by the party, or by mail with the date on the registered note of receipt as the date of service. Proclamation shall be made in the case of impossibility of delivery and shall be regarded as service.

  Article 28

  The punishment decision letter shall enter into force where the party has not applied for the reconsideration or sued to the court within the stipulated period of time.

  Penalties, illegal incomes and a sum of money equal to the value of the smuggled goods and articles of means of transport recovered in accordance with the law shall be paid within the period of time stipulated by the Customs punishment decision.

  Article 29

  In case that the party do not have permanent residence in the territory, payment shall be made in respect of the penalties, illegal incomes and the sum of money equal to the value of the smuggled goods and articles and means of transport recovered in accordance with the law before he leaves the territory In case that the party is disobedient to the punishment or can not pay the sum before he leaves the territory, a bond or mortgage equal in value to the above mentioned sum or other securities approved by the Customs shall be provided.

  In case the performance of the punishment decision made by the Customs within the period of time, the Customs shall immediately return the bonds, mortgages handed in to the party and other securities shall immediately terminate.

  Article 30

  In the case of non-performance of the Customs Punishment and in the absence of application for reconsideration or lawsuit by the party after the stipulated period of time, the Customs which made the punishment decision may confiscate the bonds or sell the goods and articles or means of transport under detainment or on mortgage as the punishment, and the Customs may also apply to the peoples court for enforcement.

  Article 31

  The party shall not be exempted from payment of the Customs duty and completion of the Customs procedures where penalty is imposed in accordance with the Rules but the goods and articles or means of transport are not confiscated.

  Chapter V Supplementary Provisions

  Article 32

  In the case of abuse of powers and intentional delay in the inspection or supervision or control, the Customs personnel shall be subject to administrative punishment in accordance with the provisions regarding the rewards and penalties to governmental personnel stipulated by the State Council. In the case of bribery or dereliction of duty or indulgence of smuggling, administrative punishment shall be imposed in accordance with the provisions regarding rewards and penalties to governmental personnel stipulated by the State Council or legal proceeding shall be persuade for criminal offence in accordance with the law and regulations.

  Article 33

  Terms used in the Rules are defined as follows:

  The term"articles" shall include currencies, gold and silver and securities.

  The term"equal in value" shall be determined according to current retail price in local state-owned market.

  In case the above price can not be determined, the Customs valuation shall be required.

  "include" and"less than" shall include the principal figure.

  Article 34

  The name-list of the goods restricted in import and export by the State shall be promulgated by the competent authorities in charge under the State Council.

  The name-list of the articles prohibited into or out of the territory by the State shall be determined by the Customs General Administration in accordance with the Customs Law and the relevant laws and regulations in association with the competent departments in charge under the State Council and promulgated by the Customs General Administration.

  The name-list of the articles restricted into and out of the territory by the State shall be promulgated by the Customs General Administration.

  Article 35

  The authority of interpretation of the Rules resides in the Customs General Administration of the PRC.

  Article 36

  The Rules shall enter into force on the date of July 1, 1987.



广东省人民政府决定废止《广东省船舶设计资格认可办法》、《广东省开展全民义务植树运动的实施细则》

广东省人民政府


广东省人民政府决定废止《广东省船舶设计资格认可办法》、《广东省开展全民义务植树运动的实施细则》

第 90 号


  根据《中华人民共和国行政许可法》规定,经2004年6月22日广东省人民政府第十届42次常务会议讨论通过,决定废止《广东省船舶设计资格认可办法》。

  由于《广东省开展全民义务植树运动的实施细则》的内容已被《广东省全民义务植树条例》所涵盖,省人民政府决定废止《广东省开展全民义务植树运动的实施细则》。

  现予发布,自发布之日起施行。
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                           二○○四年七月二十九日